TEST, Muscular Strength, Kraus Weber Test, Motor fitness test, cardiovascular fitness test, Harvard step test, Rock Port one mile test

Test - Test refer to nny specific instruments procedure or techniques used by administrator to search out from the test.

There are various type of test, John son ability test, Kraus Weber test , Harvard step test and reach test.

Measurement - Refer to the process of administrative  A test to obtain quantitative data , it can also be said that measurement aids evolution process in which various tools and techniques are used in collection of data.

Quantitative Data - It can also be said that measurements aids evolution process in which used of various tool and techniques to collecting of data .

Muscular Strength - Muscular strength is the amount of force of muscle or a group of muscle exert against the resistance for a short duration Muscular strength is the amount of force of the muscle or a group of muscle can exert against the resistance for a short duration.

Kraus Weber test - is composed of six item , it is supposed to measure minimum muscular fitness of an individual .

Motor Fitness - Motor Fitness refer to capability of an athlete to perform effectively at his/her particular sports 

Cardiovascular Fitness is the ability of heart and lung to supply oxygen in the rich blood to the working muscle tissue nad the ability of muscle to use oxygen and to produce energy for movement 

Harvard step test - It is a cardiovascular fitness test and it is also aerobics fitness test. 

Rockport One Mile test - It is also known as Rockport fitness walking test it objective is to check and observe the development of an individual VO2 Max, ie maximum volume of oxygen.

Flexibility - Flexibility is the range of movement of joint , In other it mean the range available in the joint, 

Senior Citizen Fitness Test - These test was developed by Rikli and jone it is a fitness test of senior citizen , it help in early identification of a risk participants . It is a significant of plan safe and effective physical exercise programme for senior citizens.

An individual health and fitness level can be known better with the help of these test.

Motor development, Gross Motor development, Fine Motor Development, Weight training, food supplements, activities

Motor Development - Motor development refer to development of child bone muscles and ability to move around and manipulate his/ her environment, Motor development refer to development of child bone muscles and ability to move around and manipulate his /her environment. In simple word motor development is a development of moment, and various motor abilities from birth and till death , Motor development is a development of various motor abilities from birth and till death , Infact is a progressive change in a movement through out the lifecycle.

Gross Motor development - Gross motor development involved development of large muscle of child body while sitting walking jumping Climbing running.

Fine Motor Development - Involve the small muscle of the body especially small movement. For example In holding of javeline , Catching of cricket ball and smashing of valley ball 

Weight Training - weight Training is a defined those exercise that are designed to strengthen specific muscle by causing them to overcome a fixed resistance , usually in the form of barbells or dumbbell .

Food Supplements - Food supplements is a nutrients that is added to our diet. And nourish our body. It is not present in regular diet , generally food supplements involved vitamin minerals fibre fatty amino acid and other substances they can be form of powder and tablet.

Activities - Activities mean physical activities such as jumping running walking throwing cycling jogging exercise and game sports etc.

QUALITY OF Life

Quality of life mean how you live your life , what type of health you are having ,

Ans if you are healthy and enjoying  it can said that good and healthy quality of life you have. 

Correct Posture, Posture Deformities, Spinal Curvature,knock knees,blow legs, round shoulder, Kyphosis, Lordosis, scoliosis

Correct Posture - correct Posture mean balancing of body in accurate and proper manner while sitting standing running and walking and doing any other action , It mean the correct Posture is the posture of body held with least fatigue.

It can also be said that if an individual all the organ are in proper and right alignment his posture is correct Posture.

Postural Deformities - Postural Deformities means not having proper alignment of body part such as spinal curvature bowleg, knock knees, flatfoot,

Spinal Curvature - It is that deformities related to spine is called spinal curvature for example Kyphosis, Lordosis, scoliosis are the deformities of spinal curve

1 Kyphosis - It is deformities in which it increases the backward or exaggeration of backward curve and decrease the forward curve.

2 Lordosis - Lordosis is the inward curvature spine it increases the forward curve in the lumber region ,

It hinder smooth standing and walking in the lumber region .

Or

A curving inward of the lower back.

Some lordosis is normal. Too much is referred to as sway-back. It may be inherited or caused by conditions such as arthritis, muscular dystrophy and dwarfism.

Scoliosis - Scoliosis is the Postural deformities of spine in which there may be one convexity either in the left side or right side in the spine .

There may be both type of convexity which are usually called D shape curve.

So there may be both type of convexity which are usually called S shaped curved.

Flat foot- In this deformity there is no arch in the foot and the foot are completely flat , which may cause pain the foot .

Knock Knees - knock knees is a postural Deformities in which both the knees are touch and our lap each other .

Due to these deformities, The individual face difficult while walking .

Blow Legs - It is that deformity opposite the knock knee position , there is a wide gap between the knee in normal standing position,  the individual has now legs it is also called ( Genu Varum ).

These deformities can be observed while an individual walk or run .

Round Shoulder - It is postural Deformities in which a shoulder became round and sometimes to be bent and forward.

Physical Education Short Notes Crash Course

Q Environment ?

Ans - Environment is anything that surrounds or environs us it is made up all those thing which effect our life and activities in some ways or other . It include all the external force such as influence condition which affects the life nature behaviour growth and maturation of living organisms .

Environment - Sport Environment , Physical Environment , Social Environment 

Sport Environment - It include all the condition and circumstances which a sport person perform or indulges in sport activity sports environment consists of physical education and social environment 

Physical Environment of sports  - It include ground stadium indoor hall, swimming pool, gym weather condition altitude , sport equipments , protective equipment ( Sport gear) are surrounding of the area.

Social Environment - It include cultural environment and traditional environment which further consists of the attitude behaviour and belief of coaches official spectator media person and player of other team .

Society - The term society is derived from Latin word association or companionship.

Or

The term society is derived from Latin word societas It mean association or compan it mean a large group of individuals which are associative with each other . It means organised group of people with same religion cultural benevolent political scientific. It can also be said that community of people living in a particular region. And having shared custom laws and organisations is called society.

Women Participation - Women Participation in the field of sports is related to participation of women in the field of game and sport , women Participation in sports have long history , in ancient Olympic women are not allow to watch the sport competition first time they participate in 1900 Olympic games in two sports . Though these the women Participation is increasing in trends. Time is changing very fast and situation are improving but yet it is lesser in comparison of man because discrimination against women Participation are seen in the field of sports.

ADVENTURE SPORTS - Adventure sports are such type of sports involved extraordinary speed physical exertion and surprising stunt, These sports include rock climbing mountaineering rafting scuba diving , trekking , base jumping, hang gliding , paragliding ,wind surfing , sky diving, kayaking etc. 

Camping - Means to pass few days away from the routine life in the lap of nature along with the company of colleague , friends or members of any group.

IN other words living away from home for their friends colleagues is called camping .

ROCK Climbing - Rock climbing is one of the most dangerous activities which requires strong mental ability flexibility endurance and various coordinative activities such as balancing , coordination activity rhythm activity etc, Infact it is an activity in which participants climbs on natural rock formations or their goal is to reach the apex at end route predetermined without falling , to successfully complete climbing the participants must come to the base safely .

TREKKING - Trekking is an adventure sport, the task of trekking to do trekking is not easy task it needed lots of courage confidence strong physique . A trek is long journey on foot especially on mountain , Trekking refer to making the long and difficult journey on mountain for pleasure or sport, the duration of trekking is less as a day over the month , It depends upon the particular region personal interest and physical fitness .

River rafting ,- River rafting is also on of the major activities of adventure sport , It is really a thrilling sports activity in bumping swirling over the rushing water spontaneously these make River rafting a thrilling sports , it is also popular as white water rafting.

Mountaineering - Mountaineering is an another type of adventure prevailing all over the body , In Mountaineering about the participants put hand and feet on the rock and ice finally reaching on the spot,

Mountaineering is such a sport that combines climbing and hiking up mountain an individual who wish to be Mountaineer need to have tremendous agility endurance strength and mental patience.

Natural Resources - Renewable resources are such type of resources which filled naturally like air wind sunlight and the resources nor effected by the consumption of human , they are always and permanently in nature these resources are renewed naturally.

Non Renewable Resources - Non renewable resources are such type of resources which either formed very slowly not formed naturally in the environment .

Such as mineral fossil fuel are called non renewable resources .

Conservation of environment - Conservation of environment simply implies the sustainable use and as well as management of natural resources like as air water energy , earth wildlife  Conservation of environment does not means the use of natural resources should be stopped actually the aim of conservation of environment is to balance and appropriate use of natural resources , so neither the environment is affected nor the coming generations are deprived of them.

Leadership - According to the La Pierre leadership is the behaviour that affect behaviour of the people more than their behaviour effect that of the leader .

Balance Diet - Balance diet is that diet that contains all nutrients in proper amount to maintain normal growth and functioning of body.

Balance diet - Balance diet is that diet that contains all nutrients in proper amount to maintain normal growth and functioning of body.

Nutrition - Nutrition is defined as a science of food and it relationship to health in other word nutrition is science of food it dealnwith dynamic process food are consumed and digested and nutrients absorbed and distributed to the tissue for utilisation and waste are disposed of the body.

Macro Nutrients are constitute the majority of individual diet it can be said that they are taken in large amount , they supply energy which are needed for growth and maintenance to perform activity , they include carbohydrates proteins tats and water.

Food and Nutrition - Food is the mixture of various substance which are essential for our life, Nutrition is a dynamic process in which body is healthy by consumption of food .

Protein - Protein is the best substance for food stuff , it is compound which is formed by the combination of oxygen hydrogen nitrogen it help Growth and development of our body it repair the tissue of our body it also help in significant of mind development .

Carbohydrates - Act like a fuel in our body we need carbohydrates for the formation of fat suppose an individual became lean and thin because of lack of carbohydrates deficiency 

Fats - Fats is a compound it is made up of carbohydrates oxygen , it provides heat and energy to the body fats help make body soft and oily , fats Protect the body external effect of hot and cold climate if accurate the amount of fats in over body make body beautiful it help in regulations of body temperature,

Vitamin - Vitamin are important component of food ,

They are essential for leading a healthy life, they protect us from disease ,

It essential for general growth and development of our body , there are various vitamin such as vitamin A, B, C, D, E , F.

Mineral - Mineral are very important for use they are helpful for health and general development of the body for proper function of the muscles helpful in formation of blood clot,.

Mineral have calcium phosphorus iron idoian .

Food insolvency - the individual elements of certain food can not processed and absorb properly

PLANNING IN SPORTS 

Planning in sport as an intellectual process as deciding in advance , about setting of goal developing strategies which are required to attain the goal efficiency in the field of sports As a matter of fact planning is sport is related to sport training such as short term planning and long term planning it is necessary to make the best use of what is available so as to achieve the immediate and long term aim, 

It includes training session plan weekly plan micro cycle plan and yearly plan.

Tournament - Tournament is that series of sport competition which a team finally win and the rest of team loose.

Knockout Tournament - In these type of tournament a team which is once defeated.automatically get elementes from the tournament only a winning. Team continue to the tournament , It is also mean the second opportunity is not given to the defeated.

League tournament - In these type of tournament each team play with every other team at once is called single league tournament it is also double league tournament , in each team play with other team twice 

Or every team play with every other team without any consideration of victory.

Seeding - Seeding is such a method in which strong team / player are selected and give them appropriate place in the fixture and the team didn't win in earlier round they usually win at the stage of quarter finally for the selection of stronger team organised must be aware the previous performance of the team.

Bye - A team which get bye did not play in first round it is form of privileged to a team which is exempted to participate in first round.

Intramural - The activity which are performed or conducted within the wall or with in the campus of institution , it is organised only for the students of the school , or institution no student of other institutions should be participate in such competition.

Extramural - extramural mean the activity which are performed outside the wall of an institution or school - it means students of two or more school should be participate in such competition .

Specific sport programme =  is such a programme which are not usually related to the sport competition, Infact these programme have various objective such as creating awareness among people regarding unity and integration health and disease Aid Swine flu etc and also raising fund for charitable institutions and organisations etc.

Theory Of Demand Short Notes For BBA

Q What is demand ?

Ans Demand is the quantity that consumer Demand at a particular prices during a particular period of time .

Or

It mean quantity of a commodity that consumer is willing to buy ar a particular price during a particular period of time.

Q2 What is demand function ?

Ans It depicts (shows) the relationship between quantity demanded and determinants of demands.

It can be expressed as follows 

DX= f (Px, Pr, Y, T, E)

Where

DX = Quantity Demanded of commodity 

Px = Price of commodity X

Y= consumer,s Income 

T= Consumer taste and Preferences 

Q3 Explain the determinants of demand?

Or

Explain the factor determine the demand of commodity .

Ans - Determinants of demand are as follows 

1 Price of commodity - If other things remain constant with rises in price of commodity it's demand falls and with a falling prices it demand rises.

Price of related goods - Demand for a commodity is also affected by change in price of related goods.

There are two type of goods

a) Substitute goods - Those goods which can be used in place of each other like as tea and coffee. Sugar and gud . Increase in the price of one causes increase in the demand for other  and decrease in the price one cause decrease in demand for other. There is positive relationships between price of one and demand of other.

b) Complementary good - These are those good which are used together for example car and petrol , ink and pen , bread and butter A fall in the price of one cause increase the demand of other and a rise in the price of one cause decrease the demand for other . It is called cross price effect because they reflect how demand for a particular product is affected by a change in price of other goods

3 (3) Income of the Consumer: change in income of the consumer also effect on his

demand for different goods.

a) Normal goods- The demands for normal

goods tends to increase with increase in

income & vice versa.

b) Inferior goods = with the increase in

income demand fall because consumer can now effort to buy superior goods

4 Taste and preferences - The demand for

good & services also demands on depends an individual's taste and preferences of consumer are influence by change in fashion, climate, advertisement, new invention etc. It include habits and customs also If other things being constant, then and for those goods, increases for which, consumer develop taste and preferences, If he has no taste for product, its demand will fall.

5 Expectation- If the consumer expect that price in future rise , he will buy more quantity at present at the existing price and if he hopes that price in future will fall. he will buy less quantity in present.

Q State and explain the law of demand ?

Ans - The law of demand state that if other things remain constant quantity demand of a commodity increases with a fall in price and decrease with a rise in price.

Demand Schedule

It is a tabular statement showing different quantities of commodity demanded at different price during a given period of time.

In the diagram price is measured on '

Y axis and quantity demanded on X axis. After plotting and joining various points we get DD as a demand curve. Every point on DD shows the quantity demanded at a particular price for at pt A consumer is

willing to buy 2kg of sugar at price Rs 20

and at point E consumer, is welling to buy 6 kg at price Rs 4 does D D curve shows negative slope from left to right DD curve is also known as Price quantity demand curve because it denotes the shows relationship between price & quantity demanded.

Q What are the assumption of Law of Demand?

Ans - The Price of relative good remain the same .

2 The income of the consumer remain same 

3 Taste and preferences of the consumer remain same.

4 All the unit of good are homogeneous.

5 No change in the no,s of family member  In Short law of demanded shows change in demand accurs due to change in price of commodity only.

Q What are the exception of law of demand ?

Ans There are certain cases where the law of demand does not implement there is a direct relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity . The situation where law of demand does not hold are as follows .

1 Expectation of rise in price in future.- Such good are purchase by the house hold in increased quantity even when there prices are increasing up it is due to fear of future rise in prices .

2 Necessities - The Law of demand does not operate incase of Necessities .

For example - Food grain , salt , milk of children etc A minimum quantity of good has to brought whether the price are high or low ..

3 Inferior good - In case of certain inferior good when these price are fall their demand may not rise because extra purchasing power is diverted ( use ) in purchase of normal good.

4 Good of Prestige - Status symbol good are purchased because of status value .

For example - Demand for BMW cars has been rising inspite of its price increases .

5 Ignorance - Being ignored of prevailing prices the consumer may buy more of a commodity even at higher price .

6 Emergency - In case of emergency like as flood war household don't behave in a normal ways in such situations there is general insecurity and fair of shortage of goods. HENCE consumer demand more even at higher price ..

Q Differentiate between normal good and Inferior good ?

Ans - Normal Good 

Meaning - It refer to those good whose demand increase as income of the buyer increase

Shift in demand curve - As income increase dand curve shift rightwards

In the figure income of consumer increase from Rupees 2000 per month to Rupee 3000 per month demand curve shift rightwards it implies that consumer buy more quantity even at the same prices due to increase in his income .

INFERIOR GOOD 

Meaning - It refer to those good whose demand decrease as income rises.

Shift.in demand curve - A rise in income lead to fall in demand curve shift leftward

In the figure demand curve shift leftward when income of.comsumer rise it implies that consumer buy less of the quantity at same price.

Ans Movement Along The Demand curve change in quantity demanded - A movement along the demand curve is caused by a change in the price of good other , things remain constant movement along demand curve occurs in two days.

2 Expansion of Demand - It refer to rise in demand due to fall in the price of good.

B) Contraction of demand - It refer to fall in demand due to rise in the price of good.

Reference Point. Price Rupee Quantity unit

B                              2                  100

A                              3                   90

C                              4                   80

It A on the demand curve D is the original situation and upward movement from point Aro a point .such as R shows contraction of demand A downward movement from point A to a Point C such at point D show expansion of demand.

2 Shift in demand 

Shift of the demand curve caused by change in factor other than the price of commodity , in other words due to change in other factor demand change while.

Price remain constant

A shift of demand can occur in two ways.

Important

Increase in demand

It refer to more demand at a give price or same depend at higher price. (The causes of increasing demand are

2 Increase in income of the consumer

3 Increase in price of substitute good

4 Consumer taste in favour of that good

Decrease in Demand

It refer to less demand at a given price

(Same demand at the lesser price )

1 The causes of decrease in demand are

2 Fall in income of the consumer.

3 Fall in price of substitute goods.

4 Rise in price of complementry good

Consumer's taste became unfovourable

for that goods

In the diagram D R in the original demand curve at which price rupee 3 and quantity demanded in 90 unit A decrease in demand is shown by leftward shift of demand curve from DD to D1D1 where at the same price Rupee 3 less unit 80 are demanded .

An increase in demand is shown by right ward shift of demand curve from DD to D2 D2 at the price Rupee 3 more unit 100 are demanded .

Q Distinguished between Expansion in demand and increase in demand 

Ans Basis Expansion of demand

Meaning Other thing being constant with a fall in price alone demand for a commodity rises which is called expansion of demand .

Demand Curve - Their is a downward movement along with same demand curve.

As price fall from OP to quantity demanded expand from OQ2 OQ1

Causes - It is caused by fall in commodity own price .

Increase in demand 

It is due to change in other factor while price remain constant

Consumer demand curve shift right ward

Demand curve shifts right wards from D To D

It is caused by increase in income rise in price of substitute goods. Falls in price of complementary good, when price of good is expected to increase in future ..

    Decrease in demand Last Point -  It is caused by decrease in consumed income fall in price of Substitute good rise in price of complementary goods or change in taste of consumer.

Important Question

Difference between substitute good and complementary Good ?

Ans Substitute Goods 

Meaning - Those goods which can be used in place of each other are known as substitute good or  example Tea and coffee

Relationship - The price of substitute goods has direct relationship with quantity demanded of other goods 

Under substitute good the price of coffee in OP and quantity demanded of Coffee is OQ where the price.of tea is 200kg with the increase in price of tea demand of coffee increase from OQ to OQ at the same Price of coffee .

COMPLEMENTARY GOODS 

Meaning - Those good which are used together are known as Complementary goods for example Car And Petrol .

The Price of complementary good has inverse relation with the quantity demand of other good.

As the price of petrol Rupee 35 demand for car is OQ as the price of petrol rises from Rupee 35 to 40 demand for car falls from OQ to OQ at the Same price of cars.

Q What do you mean by individuals demand and market demand ? Explain with the help of schedule and demand curve ..?

Ans - Individual demand - It mean quantity demanded of a good by an individual consumer at various pricer per time period 

Or 

It is total quantity of a commodity which and individual buyer is willing to buy at different prices is given period of time.

2 Market Demand - It is the aggregate of quantity demanded by all consumer in the market at different price per time period

Or

It is the total quantity of the commodity which all the buyer in the market are willing to buy at different price in given period of time..

Q What is Market Demand Function?

Ans - Market Demand Function shows the relationship between market demand for a commodity and it's various Determinants It is expressed as

MKT DX = F ( Px, Pr, Y, T ,E ,N ,Y)

Where DX = MKT DX = Market Demand for commodity X 

Px = Price of commodity X

Px, Y = income of consumer

T = Taste and preferences of the consumer

E= Future expectations of consumer 

N = No,s of consumer

Ya= Distribution of income 

Q Explain the cross price effect ? Or how price of related good ( substitute good and complementary ) Effect.on the demand for a commodity ?

And Cross Price effect = effect of change in the price of good Y on the demand for good Y when x and Y related good are called cross price effect.

Relative Good are of two type

1 Substitute Good 

Demand for a commodity in relation to type of substitute good.

Let us consider tea and coffee are two substitute good .

1 Increase in price of substitute goods

In the above diagram on the X axis There is demand for Coffee and the Y axis price of coffee intially price of coffee is OP and quantity demand is OQ Suppose the price of coffee remain constant but price of tea increase than the consumer but price of tea increase than the consumer will buy more quantity of coffee even at the sam price of coffee according to the Figure as the price increase demand for coffee increase so demand curve for coffee shift from D To D AND quantity demand for coffee increase from OQ  To OQ 1

In decrease in price of substitute good 

Demand for coffee 

In the above diagram If the price of decrease consumer will demand less coffee even at the same price of coffee So demand curve for coffee shift from d to D1 at.the same price of OP, the demand for coffee fall from OQ to OQ1

2 Complementary Good

Demand for a commodity  relation to a price of complementary good

- Increase in price of complementary goods let us consider car and petrol are complementary goods

At the price of cars OP demand for cars is OQ now the price of car remain constant but the price of petrol remain constant due to that demand for car falls , So demand curve shift leftward from D to D1

Decrease in price of complementary good

At the price of cars OP the demand for cars is OQ now the price of car remain constant but the price of petrol falls due to that demand for cars increase So demand curve shift right ward from d to D1

Q Show the impact of taste and preferences of demand curve ? Ans Favourable and unfavorable changes in task and preferences are shown below 

1 Favourable change in taste and preferences .

Favorable change affect the buyer to buy more of commodity even if it price is same in these situations demand curve shift rightwards 

2 Unfavorable change in taste and preferences  - Due to unfavorable changes less commodity is demand with at the same price in this situation demand curve shift backward.

Q Why does demand curve slope downward and from left to right ? or why more of a good is purchased when its price falls.

Ans There is an inverse relationship between price of commodity and it's quantity demand it can be explained in the following factors.

1 Law of diminishing marginal utility - It state that as the consumer has more and more of a good it's marginal utility gives on falling consumer is not interested in buying more unit of the same commodity at the same price equal to its marginal utility and marginal utility goes on declining in other word he is willing to pay lesser price for more unit of a good it implies that demand curve is downward sloping .

Substitution Effect - Substitution effect means with fall in price of goods consumer feels arise in relative price of the other goods. Which intern need to more demand for that goods. in other word when the price of good rise consumer buy more of Substitute good and less of the good whose price is increased these show inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of that particular goods .

Income Effect - It mean with fall in price of goods consumer real income or purchasing power rises and he demand more unit of Normal good this fall in price increase in the real income of the consumer and he buys more unit when the price falls similarly a rise in price decrease the real income of the consumer and he buys less than price rises it is also called income effect . Income effect is related to change in real income effect. Income effect is related to change in real income due to change in price and not due to change in money income .

4 Now consumer in the market 

When the price of a commodity falls than two effects appear 

a) old consumer purchased more of the same commodity 

b New buyer enter in the market as a result demand for the commodity is pushed up when its price falls.

5 Different Uses - Many commodity have alternative uses such as milk it is used for making butter curd cheese and for drinking purchase with rise in price of milk it is good only into few uses while with fall in its price it can be put in various uses so demand curve slope downward with the different uses of commodity ..

Q There are 4 consumer . Their demand curve are given below derived the Market Demand curve?

Q There are 3 Consumer in the market their demand function are ?

1) D1 (P) = 20 - 0.2 P

2) D2 (P) = 10 - 0.6P

3 D3 (P) = 15 - 0.2 P

Calculate market demand function

Ans Market Demand Function is obtained by adding three individual demand function .

dm (P) = (20+10+15 ) - ( 0.2 + 0.6 + 0.2 )

 = 45 - 1 P

= 44 - P

Q Let linear demand function as Q = 40 - 10 P ?

a) Derived market demand function when there are 50 consumer in the market 

b) calculate quantity demanded for an individual at P= 2 

Ans Q = 40 - 10 P

Market demand function falls 50 consumer are

Q = 50 ( 40 - 10 P )

= 2000 - 5000 P

B) Put the value Of P

Q = 40 - 10P

Q = 40 -20 

Q= 20

Consumer,s Equilibrium and Demand Short Notes

Q Define the following ?

Ans Utility - Utility is the power or capacity of a commodity to satisfy human wants.

or 

Utility of a commodity means the amount of satisfaction that a person get from consumption of good utility can be measure in term of a unit called utils.

2 Marginal Utility - It is addition to the total utility derived by use of one additional unit of a commodity 

MUn= TUn= TUn-1

Or

MUn =∆TU

           ∆X

Where ∆TU= change in total utility 

                       Change in unit consumed

3 Total utility - It is the sum of all utilities derived from the consumption of all unit of a particular commodity .

In other word total utility is the sum of marginal utility .

TUn = MU1 + MU 2 + .____+ MUn

Or

TU =£ MU

Q What is the relationship between total utility and marginal utility ?

Ans

Unit of commodity/Total utility/MARGINAL

                                                         UTILITY

0                           0 rises                 ___

1                         8 rises              8-0=0+ve

2                       14 rises           14-8 =6+ve

3                       18 rises           18-14=4 +ve

4                        20 rises             20-18=2+ve

5                        20  Fall              20-20=0

6                          18 Fall           18-20= -2

Relationship between MU and TU

1 As more and more unit of commodity are consumed marginal utility is declined for each successive unit .

2 When TU is rising MU falls but remain positive.

3 When Tu is maximum at saturation point MU is zero.

4 When TU is maximum at saturation point MU is zero

5 MU curve is the slope of TU curve Since 

MU = ∆TU

          ∆X

6 the following MU curve show the law of diminishing marginal utility.

Q What does law of diminishing marginal utility state ?

Ans - Law of diminishing marginal utility state that as a consumer has more and more of a commodity the MU of the commodity falls.

Or

It state that as more and more unit of a commodity are consumed MU derived from each successive unit goes on falling . The law of diminishing marginal utility explain downward slope of demand curve.

Unit of commodity.  Total.  Marginal utility   consumed               utility

0                                0        ---------

1                                8         8-0=0 +ve

2                               14      14-8=6 +ve

3                               18        18-14=4 +ve    

4                               20        20-18=2 +ve

5                                20        20-20=0 zero

6                                18         18-20= -2 -ve

The MU curve show laws of diminishing marginal utility

Q4 What are the assumption of law of diminishing marginal utility ?

Ans - Basic assumptions are as follows 

1 Only standard unit of a commodity are consumed like a cup of tea, not a spoon of tea 

2 Consumption of commodity is considered not one unit is consumed now and other tomorrow there should not be changed in the consumer taste preference and fashion .

Q What Do You mean by consumer equilibrium ?

Ans - Equilibrium  - It means best position of rest in other word it's is the state of rest there once reach has no tendency to change is called Equilibrium .

Consumer equilibrium 

It means a situation when a consumer spend income on purchase of good in such a way that provide him maximum satisfy and feel no tendency to change 

Q Define MU in term of money ?

Ans It refer to worth of rupees to the consumers .

MU of a rupees is the extra utility derived when an additional rupee is spend on available goods.

Q important When Will the consumer attain equilibrium in case of one commodity incase of two commodities ?

Give assumption also .

Ans Assumption

1 Utility can be measured in monitory terms in other word ( utility is cardinal )

2 consumer income is given

3 Price of commodity are given and remain constant

4 Marginal utility of money is constant it is importance of money remain unchanged .

In case of one commodity 

We are given that utility is a Cardinal concept MU from different unit of good X can be measured the consumer is in equilibrium where MU2 = Pc

Unit Of X.      Px(in ₹ ).       MUx (in ₹ 

1                        5                     8

2                         5                    6

3                         5                    5

4                         5                    4

5                          5                   3

The table shows that Px = ₹5 than the consumer will buy 23 of good X if the consumer buy less than 23 such as 2 unit then MU derived from 2 unit is worth Rs 6 and the price he pays is Rs5 since his MUx greter than Px, he buys more in other word since price is less he buys more due to the low in demand

Consumer will not buy more than 3 unit of x because of he buys 4 unit of x than the prices he pays ₹ 5 will be more than the MU he derived which is worth ₹ 4 unit.

Hence in order to maximize utility a consumers will buy that quantity of the good where the MU of the good is equal to the price of good So the consumer will be in equilibrium where marginal utility of the good is equal to price paid .

MU of a product =  Price of Product

MU of a rupee

Where MUx is equal to marginal utility of product which is diminishing .

Px is equal to rise of good x which is given constant .

E is the equilibrium point MUx is equal to Px 

The Equilibrium price is given OP the consumer will buy OQ quantity of good x maximize his utility ( Satisfaction )

In case of two commodity

When a consumers buys commodity X and Y with his qiven income, for the commodity x he strikes his equilibrium, .

MUx = MUm - Eeq

Py

From eq 1 and 2 we considered a situation when he buys both commodities X & Y he

is in equilibrium where

Mux  - MUy = MUm

Px        Py

where MUx is equal to marginal utility of

good x

Px is equal to price of goods Y

MUY = Marginal utility of good Y

Py = Price of good Y

MUz is equal to marginal utility in term of maney + which is constant.

IN Case of two commodities consumer is an equilibrium when MU of Both good are equal so the equilibrium eq will be

1) MUx = MUy

     Px        Py

Or

2 MUx = Px      And PxQx + PxQy= M

   MUy    Py

For example = Money income of a consumer is Rs7 which he want to spend on two commodities x and y the price of each unit of x and y is Rs1

Px Qx + Py Oy = M

From the table it is given that consumer will purchase 4 unit of commodity X and 3 unit of commodity y these combination of good are satisfy the following two conditions.

1) At 4 unit of good x = MUx = 3 = 3

                                          Px     1

At 3 unit of Y = MUx = 3  = 3

                            Py      1

Thus MUx = MUy = 3

          Px        Py

2) This further statistics

Px Qx + Py + Qy = M

1× 4 + 1× 3 = 7

7=7 

So both condition of consumer equilibrium are satisfied

The Equilibrium equation is also called 

MUx = MUy the law are equilibrium utility

Px        Py

Where marginal utility of both good are equal.

According to Lipsy " A consumer will so allocate his expenditure so that the utility gained from last rupee spend and each commodity is equal.

00- is the units consumed

MUx = Marginal utility of good x

Px = Price of good x

MUY = Marginal Utility of good Y

Py = Price of good Y

MUx - value can be obtained as price is   Px            given and fixed

MUy   = value can be obtained as price of

Py        commodity & is queen and fixed.

E = pt of consumer equilibrium where the laws of equimarginal utility codes, either .

MUx  = MUy

Px         Py

It shows that OM Units are consumed of

good x and 0- M. on Good y. The consumers total ulility at pt. E is OPESO -

Q What happen when MUx is now equal to 

                                        Px

MUy.       ?

Py

Ans  Suppose  MUx  greater than MUy

                           Px                            Py

In these case

consumer is getting more marginal utility per Rupees in case of good X as compare

to good Y This so, He will buy more of X and less of Y these will lead to fall in MUx

and rising MUy the consumer will continue

to buy more of x till MUx  = MUy

                                     Px       Py

2 when MUx less than MUy, the consumer 

               Px.                    Py   

getting more marginal utility per rupee in case of good Y as compared to X. So he will buy more of Y and less of X

more of I and less cof x.

These will lead falls in MUy at riring in

MUx the consumer will continue to buy more of Y till

MUx  = MUy

Px          Py

So, As a result we can say that MUx = MUY

                                                        Px      Py

is a necessary condition for consumer

equilibrium.

In Different Curve Approach

Define

1 Budget set - it refer to attainable combination of a set of two goods at given prices of good and income of the consumer.

Q2 Defined budget Line with the help of an

example?

Ans The budget line represent all different

combination of two good that the consumer can purchase by spending all his income at given price of two good for example

Letter assumed that price of good x is equal to good y per unit price of Y ₹2 Per unit consumers income equal to ₹ 20

each point on the budget Line indicate the budget set all point on the budget Line shows those bundal of good x and good y which the cons can purcha by spending his all income at the given prices .

Budget Line is also called price line.

Q Why the budget Line is also called price line ?

Ans - Because the price ratio of both goods are indicated as slope of budget Line , so it is also called price line

Either budget Line = Px

                                     Py

Q Define the indifference set ?

Ans It is a set of combination of two goods which offered a consumer same level of satisfaction .

Q Define the difference curve analysis ?

Ans An in difference curve analysis which represent all those combination of two goods that gives same level of satisfaction to the consumer .

Combination.     Good x.          Good Y

A                             1                  12

B                             2                   8

C                             3                  5

D                             4                  3 

E                              5                  2

Q Define indifference maps ?

Ans According To Handerson in difference map is a collection of indifference curve correspondence to different level of satisfaction 

Higher IC shows higher level of satisfaction corresponding to higher level of consumer income. 

Q what are the assumption of indifference curve approach ?

Ans 1. Rationality

The consumer, is assumed to be rational his aim is to maximize his profit with the given income and price of goods

2 Ordinal

It is an ordinal concepts it can't be measured in monetary terms, either, consumer can give ranks to the subjective utilities derived from the commodities.

3 Consistency of choice.

The consumer is consistent in his choices it mean he is showing his preferences of

good at the same time. There is no time gap.

4 Monotonic preferences -

A Consumer preferences are monotonic it means b/w any two bundles the consumer preffer the bundle which has more of both good or at least more of one good as compared to the other bundle.

I Diminishing marginal rate of substitution?

Marginal rate of Substitutional and (MRS)

is define as the amount of good y

The consumer is willing to give up to

consume an additional Unit of good x

while tatal utility remains unchanged it

is an important assumption that MRS of

x for y decreases with the greater quantity

of good x either, the consumer, is willing

to exchange less quantity of good y for more quantity of good x than before.

6 Transitivity of choice

Consumer follow the property of transitivity if good preffer to Good y and good y is preferred to Good Z tham Good x

is preferred good z.

Q Explain the consumer equilibrium through difference curve ?

The optimum choice of the consumer, find out through the indifference curve?

Ans Consumer's equilibrium.

A consumer's is in equilibrium when he

maximize his satisfaction and the given income and the prices of the commodity.

In other word, the point at which budget line is tangent to (touch) one of the highest possible IC would be the equilibrium point or optimum& consumption point.

IC1 IC2 IC4 are indifference curve which show the preferences of the consumer the good x good y

AB= Budget Line

E = consumer equilibrium point where budget line is tangent to the in difference curve 

At Point E Slope of indifference curve= slope of budget line 

Or

MRSxy = Px

                Py

It means that when the consumers is in equilibrium. The MRS is equal to the ratio of prices of two Goods, thus the consumer is in equilibrium when he consumes or Q M Quantity of Good X. OM Quantity of Good y

The condition that must be fulfill by the

consumer to be in equilibrium by indifference curve approach are budget line should be touch to IC

MRSxy = Px

                 Py

IC should be convex to the point of

origin either MRS should be diminishing

at the point of equilibrium.

Important Question

Q What are the properties of indifference curve (characteristics features )?

Ans There are main four properties of indifference curve .

1Downward sloping to the right.

Downward slope of indifference curve

Occurs if the quantity of ane good is reduce and the quantity of ather good is increase .

Downward slope of IC is based on the

assumption show that the consumer wants, more and more of both good or he prefered at least one good more than other.

In other words due to monotonic preferences it is downward sloping to the right note ( IC always slope down from left to right because when a consumers increase consumption of good x, he must reduce consumption of good Y So as to keep same level of satisfaction .

2  Convex to the origin - IC is convex to the point of origin a convex curve has negative slope the slope of IC is called marginal rate of substitution of x for y

MRS xy is defined as the amount of y that a consumer is willing to substitute for an additional unit of x .

MRSxy is dimnishing as the consumer move along the curi to the right consumer is willing to give up less and less of Y for an increase in X So MRS is dimnishing.

In Other words due to diminishing MRS indifference curve became convex to the point of origin 

Slope Of IC= ∆Y = MRSxy

                       ∆X

3 Two curve Don,t interact each other - Two curve don't interact each other because if they interact we get contradictory result in term of preference banking.

Point A and B lie on same IC and Point B and C also line of same curve So contradictory result appear because by the assumption of Transitivity consumer must be indifferent between A and C On Comparing point A nd C is better than A and It has more unit of good x

But contradiction create here as a resu be imply that indifference curve can't intercept each other

Higher indifference curve give higher level of satisfaction .

Higher IC provide Higher level of satisfaction because the bundle of higher IC provide more of both goods corresponding to the consumer income.

Q Explain marginal rate of substitution ?

Ans MRS is the rate at which the consumer is willing to give up good y to get additional unit of good x so as to maintain the same level of satisfaction .

MRSxy = ∆Y where MRSxy = marginal 

                 ∆X

Rate of substitution of good x for good y ∆ these is known as delta which shows change .

∆y = Change in good y

∆x = change in good x

In order to get each successive unit of good X , the consumer is prepared to give up less and less unit of good y, this shows marginal rate of substitution to do to diminishing MRS IC is convex to the point of origin .

In the given figure at Point A consumer has OM quantity of good X and OR quantity of good Y. The consumer substitute RS quantity of good Y for MN quantity of good as at point B he has OS Quantity of food as, at point B he has OS Quantity of good Y and ON quantity of good x there is no addition to the total utility So consumer level of satisfaction remain unchanged .

Q What Do You Understand by monotonic preferences ?

Ans Monotonic preference mean that consumer always prefer the combination which is either more of both good or more of at least one good and no less of other good 

For example 

a) A consumer monotonic preferences will prefer bundle (4,5) to bundle (3,3) (2,3) (1,3) because it has more of both goods 

b) A consumer with Monotonic preference will prefer bundle (10,7) to (9,7) it has more of atleast one good and no less of other good 

Q What does slope of price line shows.?

Ans It shows the ratio between Px and Py or equal to Px  it is also known as slope of

                    Py

 budget line .

Q Why does the MRS Diminishing ?

Ans Because the consu is willing to give up less and less quantity of y for an additional unit of good X

In other word when the consumer is having more and more unit of good x he has desired to have it reduces

That why MRSxy is dimnishing 

Q Why does IC convex To the point of origin?

Ans IC slope tends to decrease as we move it along it from left to right the slope is same as MRS so we can say that due to

diminishing MRS IC is convex to the pt.

of origin.

Q What does Slope of IC shows?

Ans It shows the rate at which the consumer is willing to substitute one commodity for other it is also called MRS.

Q Give the meaning of budget constrait?

What the budget constrait show?

Ans It shows that a consumer can choose

any bundle as long as it costs less or

equal to the income of the consumer at

the prevailing market price.

Q Estimate the marginal utility scheduled

frem total utility scheduled?

Ans

Note At 0 unit , TUx is 0 and MUx is -- 

At 1 unit TUx And MUx are Same .

Q A consumer consume only two good x and Y his many income is rupee 2

4 and the price of good x and y are rupee 4 and rupee 2 respectively  answer the following questions

1) can the consumer afford a bundle 4x and 5x explain 

2) When The consumer is in equilibrium explain what will be the MRS xy .

Ans Given income = Rupee 4

Px = rupee 4 per unit 

Px = rupee 2 Per unit 

The bundle cost will be

4x + 5 x = M

4(4) + 5(2) = 24

26=24

It is more than the income of consumer 

Consumer can not effort this bundle .

2 Consumer is in equilibrium when the following conditions are satisfied 

MRxy = Px 

              Py

= 4  = 2

    2

Q A consumer wants to consume two goods are ₹4 and ₹5 respectively. The consumer's income is ₹20?

1 write down the eq of budget line

2 How much of good one can the consume if she spend her on that good

3 How much of good two can the consumer consume if she spends her

entire income on that good .

4 What is the slope of budget line ?

Ans

Let the two goods be x and y. We are given

Px = 4₁ Py = ₹5

(consumer income (M) = ₹ 20

Px X + PyY = M

4 x + 5y = 20

2) If quantity consumed of good y = 0

Then Eq of budget line will be

PX + PY = M.

4x + p= 20 , x= 5 unit

If quantity consumed of good x = 0

Then eq of budget line will be

Px X + PyY = M

0+5Y =20

y= 4 unit

slope of budget line = Px = 4 = 0.8 units

                                       Py   5

                                        

Indian Legal & Constitutional History 1600 to 1753 Short Notes For LLB Exam

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

Indian Legal History:

1. East India Company and Early British Administration (1600-1773).

2. Regulating Act, 1773: For Calcutta Presidency : Establishment of Supreme Court

Act of Settlement, 1781(After Patna Case, Nand Kumar Case, Cosijura Case for resolving disputes between Judiciary & Executive)

3. Pitt's India Act, 1784:Curtail the Political Function of the Court of Directors of the Company

4. Charter Acts 1786 to 1833: To eradicate the monopoly of the East India Company and to frame a one legislative organ for whole of the India

5. Charter Act of 1883 :To eradicate the monopoly of East India Co. to business in India

: To extent the legislative power of the Governor-General in Council

: New enacted law must be registered in the Supreme Court before execution

: Law Commission was constituted for Codification of Law- Lard Makaalay was the First Chairman of the Law Commission

: Indians were allowed for appointment on the Public-Post

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

Indian Constitutional History:

1.The Government of India Act, 1858 After 1858 Controlled & Supervisory power comes under the Queen's of England

: First Viceroy & the Governor General of India was appointed by Queen's of England

: Treaties have been made between Indian Kings & Queen's of England 099

: Jurisdiction of the Queen's Emperor would not be extended

: Queen of England will be duty bound towards the Indian People similarly like peoples of England

: Post of Secretary of State for India was constituted, giving him the Legislative, Administrative and Financial power

2. The Indian Councils Act, 1861: Initiation of De-centralization of power as was started since regulating Act, 1773

3. Establishment of Indian National Congress:

4. The Indian Councils Act, 1892:

Early Charters :

YEAR

1.1600

2.1609

3.1615

4.1623

S. 1661

6. 1683

7. 1686

8. 1694

9. 1698

10. 1726

11. 1753

Early Charters :

YEAR

1.1600

2.1609

3.1615

4.1623

S. 1661

6. 1683

7. 1686

8. 1694

9. 1698

10. 1726

11. 1753

Indian Legal & Constitutional History Unit-1

* Charter of 31st December, 1600: "The Governor and Company of Merchants Trading in to the East Indies" : For 15 years, on loss and against the interest of the people of England after giving prior 2 years notice company can be wind-up himself

Administration of East India Company: - 24 Directors out of which one Governor will be elected by election

: All Shareholders.

Powers of Company: - Only for English Persons

: For businessmen

a. Cape of Good Hope to Strail of Maglline

b. Monopoly in doing Business

: For Simple Legislative

a. Enactment of General Rules & Regulation

b. Enacted Rules and Regulations not contradictory to English Law

: For Very Simple Judicial

a. Simply delivering Justice in Civil and Criminal Offence

b. Punishment of Forfeiture of goods of English Businessmen and to send them to england 

* Indian Legal & Constitutional History

} Charter of 1609: By this charter King James-I of England extended the time of East India Co. to stay in India for Uncertain period

Government Fund Year 1615: Power given to Captain of the Ship that during Sea Voyage he can punish the offender of Grievous Offence like- Murder, Dacoit & other heinous crime to Death Sentence

Government Fund Year 1623: Power had given to the company to punish its employees for the wrong committed in the area the Jurisdiction of the Company

Government Fund Year 1657: Recognized the East India Co. and the Joint Stock Co. who was doing his business in India .

* CHARTER OF 3rd APRIL 1661 (Judicial Power Charter) :Establishment of Presidency

: Power to Protect the Factory of Company

a) Construction of Factory like Fort for business,

b) for strengthen the Administration,

c) for the storage of Ammunition,

d) if required a treaty between the Indian Ruler for Peace & War

: Power of Administration

a) Constitution of Governor and its Council for regulating and punishing the people residing in the colonies and punish on violation of Law

: Judicial Rights

a) Power given to Governor & its Council

b) they have the jurisdiction above all the citizens either they were the British or Indian, residing in the colony

c) Power to adjudicate all the Civil or Criminal whether they are simple or grievous in nature

d) Power to punish the offender to Death Sentence

e) Power to follow the British Law & Procedural Law for adjudicating the Civil & Criminal cases .

* ANALYSIS OF CHARTER OF 1661(Judicial Charter): a) End of Indians Rituals and Customs,

b) Centralization of judicial and Executive Power,

C) Judicial work was in the hand of buisness

Characteristic of Charter of 1661:

a) Company being a Business Body have been converted into Administrative Body

b) Power to company to established its colony & fort for their security

c) Power to adjudicate all the Civil & Criminal Cases

d) Power to award Death Sentence and all another type of Punishment

e) Power to adjudicate upon all the British and Indian Citizen residing in the jurisdiction of the company

Comparison between the Charter of 1600 and 1661:

(1) 1600- Applied only on British People who were employee of the company 1661- Applied on all the people residing in the colonies established by the East India Company

(2) 1600- Establishment of Administrative Company in England by the Charter 1661- Appointment of Governor & its Council in India for Administration by the Charter

(3) 1600- Only Legislative power were given to the company 1661- Legislative along with Judicial power upon all the people were given along with punishment power

(4) 1600- English Law applicable only on British People

1661- English Law & Procedure applied on all the citizen of all the colonies controlled by the company. 

* Indian Legal & Constitutional History

CHARTER OF 1683 (9th August, 1983) :Formation of Admiralty Court

: Establishment of One or More then one Admiralty Court in required English Colony 

a) Provision of Constitution & Jurisdiction of Admiralty Court, 

b) Constitution - One Judge Advocate + Two Assistant Judge (Businessmen),

 c) Jurisdiction above the all types of Maritime and Mercantile Cases,

: Rule of Law

a) Justice will be delivered on the basis of Justice,

Equity, Good Conscious and the Customs of the merchants

b) Power to frame Procedural Law for adjudication according to their convenience

c) Power to execute Martial Law for the internal and external securities of the colonies.

* ESTABLISHMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES & THEIR JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA

CHARTER OF 1612-1687 : SURAT- DUAL ADMINISTRATION

: Company's Administration Establishment of Factory, 1612 

a) Mugal Ferman by Emperor Jahangir 1615 (Tomas Roy) (1) Disputes between the English men would be resolved by their own law and procedure 

(ii) If the dispute was within Englishmen and Local people the same would be resolved by local Mugal Court by their local customs as early as possible on sympathy consideration

 b) Establishment of Autonomus Government 

c) Governor and its Council.

 (i) General Administration

 (a) With the help of Kazi, Mufti, Kotwal & Fauzdar 

(ii) Administration of Justice 

(a) All Civil Cases By Governor & its Council 

(b) Simple Criminal Cases to Governor and Council ⒸSerious Cases sent by the company to England

Establishment of English Colonies & their Judicial Administration in India

Charter of 1612-1687 :Surat- Dual Administration

: Mughal Administration (Native) Mughal Governor

 a) General Administration by Mughal Governor 

(i) With the help of Kazi, Mufti, Kotwal & Fauzdar

 b) Administration of Justice 

(a) All Civil Cases by Pandit and Kaji

 (b) All the Criminal Cases by the Mughals Court on the basis of Mughal Criminal Law

Important Cases :

1. Dancers case: Refusing to dance in the governor Party. Punishment of Head Cut

 2. Goldsmith Case: Making the Counterfeit Coin, hand of goldsmith was cut down These example shows that at that time of Judicial System was on in humanitarian Consideration.

Indian Legal and Constitutional History

Administrative of Justice in Madras 1639 - 1726

Charter of 1639 to 1665 ( first stage ) : Madras was founded in 1639 by Francis Day . Factory named First St. George

White town - People residing inside the fort 

Black town - Indian People residing outside the fort 

Judicial Administration : Madras was given the statue of agency 

2 it administrative head was called the Agent with the help of council .

3 Madras Agency was under the subordinate of Surat presidency 

Judicial System :- White town by agent and it's council court.

All civil cases and petty criminal cases 

Black town - by hindu king, matter decided by chaultry court .

In chaultry court : Head of the village ( Adigar) will be judge 

All civil cases and petty criminal cases .

* INDIAN LEGAL AND CONSTITUTION HISTORY

Administrative of Justice in Madras 1639 to 1726 

Charter of 1661 :- Conferred extensive judicial power on the governor and council of a settlement .

a) Presidency status given in the colonies under the controlled of company

b) Agent had given the status of governor.

c) Governor and it's council provide judicial power for its presidency town .

d) All the civil and criminal cases come under the jurisdiction of governor in council 

But charter of 1661 was not executed in Madras due to some reason .

Charter of 1665 - 1689 ( second stage ): Historical case of Mrs Ascentia Dawesa 

a) Mrs Dawes kill a slave girl 

b) matter was referred by the Agent in council for advice to the company authorities in England .

c) Charter of 1661 took effect and agent become the governor and judicial power extended from Englishmen to all living in settlement 

d) Governor and council tried the case with the help of grand and petty jury .

e) Petty Jury consisted of 6 Englishmen and 6 Portuguese ( First jury trial) 

f) Mrs Dawes was acquitted by the verdict of jury of not guilt,

: In March 1678 Governor and council decide to sit as a high court of judicature of two days in a week ,

All civil and criminal case tried according to laws of England with the help of jury of 12 men 

: Chaultry court -3 Englishmen 2 days a week civil action more than 3 Pagodas up to 50 Pagodas appeal to Governor in council. 

* INDIAN LEGAL AND CONSTITUTION HISTORY

Adminstration of justice in Madras : 1639 to 1726 

Charter of 1686-1726 third stage : Admirally court:-

a) one judge advocate and two other judges .

b) All type of civil + criminal + Admiralty cases.

c) All type of cases related to buisness 

: law applicable a) Justice , equity and good conscious 

b) buisness custom and belief 

c) Right to make procedural law 

: Appeal to Mayor Court 

Charter of 1687 - Corporation of Madras : one mayor English men + 12 Alderman +60 to 120 Burgesses 

: mayor tenure - one year, thereafter elected by aldermen and Burgesses from Aldermen 

: Aldermen hold office for life or residence in Madras .

Mayor Court : 1 mayor + 3 senior aldermen 

: one recorder ( To record the court proceedings )

: All civi + criminal + probate + Ecclesiastical ( Religion) cases 

Chaultry Court -2 Englishmen - 2 days a week , small criminal offences and civil cases up to 02 Pagodas appeal to Mayor Court . 

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

Administration of Justice in Bombay: 1668-1726: Ex officio Governor & Council (Surat)

Charter of 1668-1683 (First Period): Deputy Governor and Council appointed to Administer Bombay

 First Judicial System in Bombay 1670:Gerald Aungier Plan 

a) Bombay divided into Two Division First- Bombay, Girgaon & Mazagaon Second- Mahim, Parel, Sion & Worli 

Court- 5 Judges in each division (3 Judges were to form a Quorum) 

President of Court-Englishmen Custom Officer of each division (Some judges were Indians) 

Jurisdiction-Small theft & All civil cases nearly up to 150 rupees

 Senior Court-Deputy Governor & Council (Tried with the help of Jury)

 Appeal & Jurisdiction-From Divisional Court. Try all civil case over 150 rupees (200 Exeraphins)__ All treasonable, felonious, capital or criminal cases

 Second Judicial Plan in Bombay 1672: (1) Diwani Judicial System: 

a) High Court of Judicature- Judge: Wilcox- 200 Pond annual salary Jurisdiction: 

(i) All Diwani & Probate Cases

 (ii) Jury of 12 persons heard Civil Cases

b) Court of Conscience: Petty Civil Cases without the help of Jury, Court sit Once in a Week

 (i) Heard the cases uptill 20 Xeraphins

c) Court are bound to maintain a register of all its proceedings & send an annual report 

d) Re constitution of Panchayat to hear Self-Caste cases, their Judgment was recognized. 

* Indian legal and constitutional history

Second Judicial Plan in Bombay 1672: (2) Criminal Judicial System 

a) Whole area divided into Four Division Bombay, Malgaon, Mahim, Sion 

b) Justice of Peace was appointed in Each Division

 (1) Conducted Preliminary Enquiry in Criminal Case & Send all the record to Court

 (ii) Court of Judicature: Sit in One Month: Wilcox Judge: Help of Jury 

(iii) As per Law of Company, if law of Company was not their Law of England would applicable

 c) Appea!: From the Judgment of Court of Judicature to Deputy Governor & Council 

d) Appeal in All Diwani (Civil) and Criminal Cases e) Judgment of Deputy Governor and Council will be Final

 Third Judicial Plan in Bombay 1684-1690: First Phase: Establishment of Admiralty Court

 : One Judge Advocate + Two Businessmen 

: Function of deciding ordinary Civil & Criminal cases and by confining it only Maritime and Mercantile cases Second Phase

: Reconstitution of Court of Judicature (1685) : 

Civil & Criminal Cases

Appeal: From High court of judicature to Deputy Governor & Council

Session 1690-1718: Eclipse Period- In 1690, Bombay was attacked by Moghul Admiral Siddi, therefore Second period of Judicial System came to an End from 1690 to 1718

* Indian Legal & Constitutional History

Fourth Judicial Plan in Bombay 1718-1728: Re- Constitution of Court of Judicature

a) Dy. Governor Parker was appointed as Chief Justice

b) Nine other Judges: 5 English Person + 4 Native

c) All types of Civil, Criminal & Probate Cases

d) Decision on the basis of Law of Company or Law of England

Administration of Justice in Calcutta: 1690-1726: Administration of Justice by Native Mugal Emperor 

a) Criminal System: Court of Mulla, Moulovi (Chief Kazi) at subah level

 (i) Kazi in each sarkar (district), in each parganah, in each city & even in large village 

(ii) Village Panchayat: Petty Criminal Cases 

Appeal: Decision of Panchayat to Kazi of the sarkar, then to the Chief Kazi of the Subah, then to the Darogah-i-Adalut-ul-Alia to Nawab

b) Civil Judicial System: Panchayat headed by Zamindar 

Appeal: Decision of Panchayat to Darogah-i-Adalat Diwani headed by Diwan 

Administration of Justice by Company, 1790: Appointment of Collector 

a) All Judicial Administration

 b) Collection of Revenue, Civil & Criminal Administration of Justice 

Appeal: To Governor and Council from the order of collector/zamindar,s court. 

Indian legal and constitutional history

* CHARTER OF 1726 ( 24 SEPT 1726) ( KING GEORGE -1) : Establishment of Mayor,s court 

a) Evolution of judicial system in three presidency  town i.e Calcutta Madras and Bombay 

a) Evolution of judicial system in three presidency town Calcutta Madras Bombay 

b) uniformity of approach in each presidency similarly judicial system established

c) Establishment of civil and criminal court derived their authority from British crown not co .

General Administration - Mayor + 9 Aldermen for each presidency ( 2 must be prince or state in Amity with great Britain 

1 MAYOR hold office for one year and continue thereafter as an aldermen .

2 Every year mayor elected from amongst the aldermen 

3 Aldermen hold office for life or residence in the settlement 

4 Appointment of Mayor and Aldermen by the crown

5 Governor and council has power to remove an aldermen on reasonable cause 

6 Appeal against dismissal to King In Council 

Adminstration of justice - Each Presidency the mayor and the aldermen constitute the mayor court 

2 QUORUM of the Mayor Court was 3 ( Mayor oe senior aldermen + 2 aldermen )

3 Court hear and try all civil suits arising within the town and it's subordinate factories

Appeal : first' appeal to Governor and council within 14 days from where further 

Second appeal to King in council ( privy council ) with in 14 days ,,,- all matters of 1000 Pagodas or more .

Mayor Court :- Act as a Court of record this punish a person of wills of the deceased person . One sheriff for execution of notices and decree of the court. 

INDIAN LEGAL AND CONSTITUTION HISTORY 

Criminal Jurisdiction : Each Presidency town the governor and five senior member of the council

2 Each of them was to be a justice of peace ( same power as in England )

3 A justice of peace arrest and punish accused for minor crime.

4 COMMIT  rest of major crime to be tried by a quarter session 

5 Three justice collectively have power of the court of Oyee and terminer and goal delivery this hold quarter session 4 time a year

6 Try and punish each and every criminal offences except high treason, committed in the presidency town and the subordinate factories 

7 Quarter session were to be held with the help of grand and petty jury 

8 Judgement on the basis of English Law.

Legislature Power ; After 1726 The governor and council of each presidency town to make bye laws rules and ordinance for the good government and regulations of the corporation and the inhabitants of the settlement but not contrary to the laws and statues of England

Charter of 1726 V Madras charter of 1687 - Charter of 1687 created by company

Charter of 1726 create by emperor Jorge first of England 

:1687 applied only in Madras presidency town .

1726 applied equally to all three presidency town 

1687 1 Mayor +12 aldermen +60 to 120 Burgesses 

1726 - 1 mayor + 9 Aldermen.

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

* Charter of 1753 (Revised Charter of 1726):

1Jurisdiction of the Mayor's Court was expressly restricted vis-à-vis the Indians. Courts are debarred from entertaining a suit between the native until both parties agree

2Mayor Court was expressly authorized to entertain an action against Mayor (No person can sit as a

judge in his own case)

3 Created new court, called the Court of Request at each Presidency Town to decide cheaply,summarily & quickly cases up to 5 pagodas or 15 rupees

4 Court of request managed by commissioners between 8 to 24 in number, court sit once in a week

Courts in Presidency Town: Under the Charter of 1753: Presidency Town have- Court of request; Mayor's Court having civil jurisdiction; Court of the Governor & Council to hear appeals from the Mayor's

Court; for Criminal Cases Justice of Peace and the Court of Quarter Sessions consisting of the Governor & Council

Courts for the Indians:-  The Hindu & the Muslims having their own special customs must be left free to dispose of their cases

:All cases up to 5 pagodas tried by the Court of Request

Note (General and Criminal Administration will be Same as in Charter of 1726)

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

Regulating Act of 1773: Special features of Regulating Act

(A) Provisions having relationship from England:-

1 Changes in Board of Directors: Tenure increased from 1 year to 4 year

2 Every year (six) directors in rotation retire, new six director elected

3 Voting power of the shareholders was restricted to those who held stock worth 1,000 Pond or more in the company

4 The directors were required to lay before the Treasury all correspondence from India relating to revenue

5 All correspondence to a Secretary of State dealing with the civil and military affairs of the Government of India

(B) Provision of Company relating to Government of India:-

(1) Establishment of Governor General and its Council instead of Governor and its Council-Term 5year Governor General + 4 member constitute GG and its Council (GG&C)

2 GG had only I vote & casting vote in case of a tie in the council

3 Centralization of power for ordering, management and government of all territorial acquisitions and revenues in the Kingdoms of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa

4 Decision in the Council meeting were to be made by a majority of votes.

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

* Regulating Act of 1773: Special features of Regulating Act

(ii) Establishment of Supreme Court at Calcutta

1Creation of the Supreme Court of Calcutta superseding the judicial system prevalent there under

2 court was to consist of a Chief Justice & three puisne judges to be appointed by the Crown & holding office during its pleasure

3 Only a barrister of at least 5 years standing could be appointed as a judge

4 Court was to enjoy Civil, Criminal, Admiralty and Ecclesiastical jurisdiction

5 Jurisdiction of the Court restricted to only a few defined categories of person, viz: British subjects & his Majesty's subject residing in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa, Person employed by, or directly or indirectly in the service of the Company or any of His Majesty's subjects

6The Supreme Court was not to be eligible to hear and try any indictment or information against the Govemor-General or a member of the Council for any offence committed in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa

7 The Supreme Court was to make provision for allowing appeals from its decisions to the King-in-Council

8 The Court was authorized to frame such rules of procedure, and to do all such acts, as were necessary for the administration of justice and due execution of all powers granted to it

(ii) Legislative Authority :-The GG & C were now authorized to make such rules, regulations and ordinances for the good government of the settlement of Fort William & factories subordinate to it.

Indian Legal & Constitutional History

* Regulating Act of 1773: Special features of Regulating Act

(ii) Establishment of Supreme Court at Calcutta :-

1: Creation of the Supreme Court of Calcutta superseding the judicial system prevalent there under

2 Court was to consist of a Chief Justice & three puisne judges to be appointed by the Crown & holding office during its pleasure

3 Only a barrister of at least 5 years standing could be appointed as a judge

4 Court was to enjoy Civil, Criminal, Admiralty and Ecclesiastical jurisdiction

:6 Jurisdiction of the Court restricted to only a few defined categories of person, viz: British subjects & his Majesty's subject residing in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa, Person employed by, or directly or indirectly in the service of, the Company or any of His Majesty's subjects

7 The Supreme Court was not to be eligible to hear and try any indictment or information against the Governor-General or a member of the Council for any offence committed in Bengal, Bihar & Orissa

8 The Supreme Court was to make provision for allowing appeals from its decisions to the King-in-Council

9 The Court was authorized to frame such rules of procedure, and to do all such acts, as were necessary for the administration of justice and due execution of all powers granted to it

(ii) Legislative Authority :-

: The GG & C were now authorized to make such rules, regulations and ordinances for the good government of the settlement of Fort William & factories subordinate to it.